the tribe. (7. Origin of Civilisation, 1870, p. 86. In the several
works above quoted, there will be found copious evidence on
relationship through the females alone, or with the tribe alone.)
Although the manner of development of the marriage tie is an obscure
subject, as we may infer from the divergent opinions on several points
between the three authors who have studied it most closely, namely, Mr.
Morgan, Mr. M Lennan, and Sir J. Lubbock, yet from the foregoing and
several other lines of evidence it seems probable (8. Mr. C. Staniland
Wake argues strongly ( Anthropologia, March, 1874, p. 197) against the
views held by these three writers on the former prevalence of almost
promiscuous intercourse; and he thinks that the classificatory system
of relationship can be otherwise explained.) that the habit of
marriage, in any strict sense of the word, has been gradually
developed; and that almost promiscuous or very loose intercourse was
once extremely common throughout the world. Nevertheless, from the
strength of the feeling of jealousy all through the animal kingdom, as
well as from the analogy of the lower animals, more particularly of
those which come nearest to man, I cannot believe that absolutely
promiscuous intercourse prevailed in times past, shortly before man
attained to his present rank in the zoological scale. Man, as I have
attempted to shew, is certainly descended from some ape-like creature.
With the existing Quadrumana, as far as their habits are known, the
males of some species are monogamous, but live during only a part of
the year with the females: of this the orang seems to afford an
instance. Several kinds, for example some of the Indian and American
monkeys, are strictly monogamous, and associate all the year round with
their wives. Others are polygamous, for example the gorilla and several
American species, and each family lives separate. Even when this
occurs, the families inhabiting the same district are probably somewhat
social; the chimpanzee, for instance, is occasionally met with in large
bands. Again, other species are polygamous, but several males, each
with his own females, live associated in a body, as with several
species of baboons. (9. Brehm ( Thierleben, B. i. p. 77) says
Cynocephalus hamadryas lives in great troops containing twice as many
adult females as adult males. See Rengger on American polygamous
species, and Owen ( Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. iii. p. 746) on
American monogamous species. Other references might be added.) We may
indeed conclude from what we know of the jealousy of all male
quadrupeds, armed, as many of them are, with special weapons for
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