one-sixth of a full-grown male. (36. See the very interesting paper by
Mr. J.A. Allen in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology of Cambridge, United
States, vol. ii. No. 1, p. 82. The weights were ascertained by a
careful observer, Capt. Bryant. Dr. Gill in The American Naturalist,
January, 1871, Prof. Shaler on the relative size of the sexes of
whales, American Naturalist, January, 1873.) Dr. Gill remarks that it
is with the polygamous seals, the males of which are well known to
fight savagely together, that the sexes differ much in size; the
monogamous species differing but little. Whales also afford evidence of
the relation existing between the pugnacity of the males and their
large size compared with that of the female; the males of the
right-whales do not fight together, and they are not larger, but rather
smaller, than their females; on the other hand, male sperm-whales fight
much together, and their bodies are often found scarred with the
imprint of their rival s teeth, and they are double the size of the
females. The greater strength of the male, as Hunter long ago remarked
(37. Animal Economy, p. 45.), is invariably displayed in those parts
of the body which are brought into action in fighting with rival
males for instance, in the massive neck of the bull. Male quadrupeds
are also more courageous and pugnacious than the females. There can be
little doubt that these characters have been gained, partly through
sexual selection, owing to a long series of victories, by the stronger
and more courageous males over the weaker, and partly through the
inherited effects of use. It is probable that the successive variations
in strength, size, and courage, whether due to mere variability or to
the effects of use, by the accumulation of which male quadrupeds have
acquired these characteristic qualities, occurred rather late in life,
and were consequently to a large extent limited in their transmission
to the same sex.
From these considerations I was anxious to obtain information as to the
Scotch deer-hound, the sexes of which differ more in size than those of
any other breed (though blood-hounds differ considerably), or than in
any wild canine species known to me. Accordingly, I applied to Mr.
Cupples, well known for his success with this breed, who has weighed
and measured many of his own dogs, and who has with great kindness
collected for me the following facts from various sources. Fine male
dogs, measured at the shoulder, range from 28 inches, which is low, to
33 or even 34 inches in height; and in weight from 80 pounds, which is
light, to 120 pounds, or even more. The females range in height from 23
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