of the lungs, p. 471. See also the numerous and valuable tables, by
Dr. Weisbach, from the observations of Dr. Scherzer and Dr. Schwarz, in
the Reise der Novara: Anthropolog. Theil, 1867.), the capacity of the
lungs, the form and capacity of the skull, and even in the convolutions
of the brain. (3. See, for instance, Mr. Marshall s account of the
brain of a Bushwoman, in Philosophical Transactions, 1864, p. 519.)
But it would be an endless task to specify the numerous points of
difference. The races differ also in constitution, in acclimatisation
and in liability to certain diseases. Their mental characteristics are
likewise very distinct; chiefly as it would appear in their emotional,
but partly in their intellectual faculties. Every one who has had the
opportunity of comparison, must have been struck with the contrast
between the taciturn, even morose, aborigines of S. America and the
light-hearted, talkative negroes. There is a nearly similar contrast
between the Malays and the Papuans (4. Wallace, The Malay
Archipelago, vol. ii. 1869, p. 178.), who live under the same physical
conditions, and are separated from each other only by a narrow space of
sea.
We will first consider the arguments which may be advanced in favour of
classing the races of man as distinct species, and then the arguments
on the other side. If a naturalist, who had never before seen a Negro,
Hottentot, Australian, or Mongolian, were to compare them, he would at
once perceive that they differed in a multitude of characters, some of
slight and some of considerable importance. On enquiry he would find
that they were adapted to live under widely different climates, and
that they differed somewhat in bodily constitution and mental
disposition. If he were then told that hundreds of similar specimens
could be brought from the same countries, he would assuredly declare
that they were as good species as many to which he had been in the
habit of affixing specific names. This conclusion would be greatly
strengthened as soon as he had ascertained that these forms had all
retained the same character for many centuries; and that negroes,
apparently identical with existing negroes, had lived at least 4000
years ago. (5. With respect to the figures in the famous Egyptian caves
of Abou-Simbel, M. Pouchet says ( The Plurality of the Human Races,
Eng. translat., 1864, p. 50), that he was far from finding recognisable
representations of the dozen or more nations which some authors believe
that they can recognise. Even some of the most strongly-marked races
cannot be identified with that degree of unanimity which might have
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