from the lower members of the same group. Consequently there is no
justification for placing man in a distinct order.
In an early part of this work I brought forward various facts, shewing
how closely man agrees in constitution with the higher mammals; and
this agreement must depend on our close similarity in minute structure
and chemical composition. I gave, as instances, our liability to the
same diseases, and to the attacks of allied parasites; our tastes in
common for the same stimulants, and the similar effects produced by
them, as well as by various drugs, and other such facts.
As small unimportant points of resemblance between man and the
Quadrumana are not commonly noticed in systematic works, and as, when
numerous, they clearly reveal our relationship, I will specify a few
such points. The relative position of our features is manifestly the
same; and the various emotions are displayed by nearly similar
movements of the muscles and skin, chiefly above the eyebrows and round
the mouth. Some few expressions are, indeed, almost the same, as in the
weeping of certain kinds of monkeys and in the laughing noise made by
others, during which the corners of the mouth are drawn backwards, and
the lower eyelids wrinkled. The external ears are curiously alike. In
man the nose is much more prominent than in most monkeys; but we may
trace the commencement of an aquiline curvature in the nose of the
Hoolock Gibbon; and this in the Semnopithecus nasica is carried to a
ridiculous extreme.
The faces of many monkeys are ornamented with beards, whiskers, or
moustaches. The hair on the head grows to a great length in some
species of Semnopithecus (6. Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Hist. Nat.
Gen. tom. ii. 1859, p. 217.); and in the Bonnet monkey (Macacus
radiatus) it radiates from a point on the crown, with a parting down
the middle. It is commonly said that the forehead gives to man his
noble and intellectual appearance; but the thick hair on the head of
the Bonnet monkey terminates downwards abruptly, and is succeeded by
hair so short and fine that at a little distance the forehead, with the
exception of the eyebrows, appears quite naked. It has been erroneously
asserted that eyebrows are not present in any monkey. In the species
just named the degree of nakedness of the forehead differs in different
individuals; and Eschricht states (7. Uber die Richtung der Haare,
etc., Muller s Archiv fur Anat. und Phys. 1837, s. 51.) that in our
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