with corresponding bones in a monkey, bat, or seal. So it is with his
muscles, nerves, blood-vessels and internal viscera. The brain, the
most important of all the organs, follows the same law, as shewn by
Huxley and other anatomists. Bischoff (1. Grosshirnwindungen des
Menschen, 1868, s. 96. The conclusions of this author, as well as
those of Gratiolet and Aeby, concerning the brain, will be discussed by
Prof. Huxley in the Appendix alluded to in the Preface to this
edition.), who is a hostile witness, admits that every chief fissure
and fold in the brain of man has its analogy in that of the orang; but
he adds that at no period of development do their brains perfectly
agree; nor could perfect agreement be expected, for otherwise their
mental powers would have been the same. Vulpian (2. Lec. sur la Phys.
1866, page 890, as quoted by M. Dally, L Ordre des Primates et le
Transformisme, 1868, page 29.), remarks: Les differences reelles qui
existent entre l encephale de l homme et celui des singes superieurs,
sont bien minimes. Il ne faut pas se faire d illusions a cet egard.
L homme est bien plus pres des singes anthropomorphes par les
caracteres anatomiques de son cerveau que ceux-ci ne le sont non
seulement des autres mammiferes, mais meme de certains quadrumanes, des
guenons et des macaques. But it would be superfluous here to give
further details on the correspondence between man and the higher
mammals in the structure of the brain and all other parts of the body.
It may, however, be worth while to specify a few points, not directly
or obviously connected with structure, by which this correspondence or
relationship is well shewn.
Man is liable to receive from the lower animals, and to communicate to
them, certain diseases, as hydrophobia, variola, the glanders,
syphilis, cholera, herpes, etc. (3. Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay has treated
this subject at some length in the Journal of Mental Science, July
1871; and in the Edinburgh Veterinary Review, July 1858.); and this
fact proves the close similarity (4. A Reviewer has criticised
( British Quarterly Review, Oct. 1st, 1871, page 472) what I have here
said with much severity and contempt; but as I do not use the term
identity, I cannot see that I am greatly in error. There appears to me
a strong analogy between the same infection or contagion producing the
same result, or one closely similar, in two distinct animals, and the
testing of two distinct fluids by the same chemical reagent.) of their
tissues and blood, both in minute structure and composition, far more
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