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The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

Page 259 of 275, printed 259

alarmed nor enraged.] 621 (return) [ Bergeon, as quoted in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, Nov. 1871, p. 235.] 622 (return) [ See, for instance, a case given by Sir Charles Bell, Philosophical Transactions, 1823, p. 177.] 623 (return) [ See, on these several points, Prof. Donders On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye, 1864, p. 573.] 624 (return) [ Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, Prehistoric Times, 1865, p. 458.] 701 (return) [ The above descriptive remarks are taken in part from my own observations, but chiefly from Gratiolet ( De la Physionomie, pp. 53, 337; on Sighing, 232), who has well treated this whole subject. See, also, Huschke, Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologi-cum, 1821, p. 21. On the dulness of the eyes, Dr. Piderit, Mimik und Physiognomik, 1867, s. 65.] 702 (return) [ On the action of grief on the organs of respiration, see more especially Sir C. Bell, Anatomy of Expression, 3rd edit. 1844, p. 151.] 703 (return) [ In the foregoing remarks on the manner in which the eyebrows are made oblique, I have followed what seems to be the universal opinion of all the anatomists, whose works I have consulted on the action of the above-named muscles, or with whom I have conversed. Hence throughout this work I shall take a similar view of the action of the corrugator supercilii, orbicularis, pyramidalis nasi, and frontalis muscles. Dr. Duchenne, however, believes, and every conclusion at which he arrives deserves serious consideration, that it is the corrugator, called by him the sourcilier, which raises the inner corner of the eyebrows and is antagonistic to the upper and inner part of the orbicular muscle, as well as to the pyramidalis nasi (see Mecanisme de la Phys. Humaine, 1862, folio, art. v., text and figures 19 to 29: octavo edit. 1862, p. 43 text). He admits, however, that the corrugator draws together the eyebrows, causing vertical furrows above the base of the nose, or a frown. He further believes that towards the 259
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