application of a bandage. In both cases we carefully endeavour to avoid
great expiratory pressure, the disadvantage of which is well known.
Mr. Bowman informs me that in the excessive photophobia, accompanying
what is called scrofulous ophthalmia in children, when the light is so
very painful that during weeks or months it is constantly excluded by
the most forcible closure of the lids, he has often been struck on
opening the lids by the paleness of the eye, not an unnatural paleness,
but an absence of the redness that might have been expected when the
surface is somewhat inflamed, as is then usually the case; and this
paleness he is inclined to attribute to the forcible closure of the
eyelids.]
617 (return) [ Donders, ibid. p. 36.]
618 (return) [ Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology,
1859, vol. i. p. 410) says, the verb to weep comes from Anglo-Saxon
_wop_, the primary meaning of which is simply outcry. ]
619 (return) [ De la Physionomie, 1865, p. 217.]
620 (return) [ Ceylon, 3rd edit. 1859, vol. ii. pp. 364, 376. I
applied to Mr. Thwaites, in Ceylon, for further information with
respect to the weeping of the elephant; and in consequence received a
letter from the Rev. Mr Glenie, who, with others, kindly observed for
me a herd of recently captured elephants. These, when irritated,
screamed violently; but it is remarkable that they never when thus
screaming contracted the muscles round the eyes. Nor did they shed
tears; and the native hunters asserted that they had never observed
elephants weeping. Nevertheless, it appears to me impossible to doubt
Sir E. Tennent s distinct details about their weeping, supported as
they are by the positive assertion of the keeper in the Zoological
Gardens. It is certain that the two elephants in the Gardens, when they
began to trumpet loudly, invariably contracted their orbicular muscles.
I can reconcile these conflicting statements only by supposing that the
recently captured elephants in Ceylon, from being enraged or
frightened, desired to observe their persecutors, and consequently did
not contract their orbicular muscles, so that their vision might not be
impeded. Those seen weeping by Sir E. Tennent were prostrate, and had
given up the contest in despair. The elephants which trumpeted in the
Zoological Gardens at the word of command, were, of course, neither
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