603 (return) [ These consist of the _levator labii superioris alaeque
nasi_, the _levator labii proprius_, the _malaris_, and the
_zygomaticus minor_, or little zygomatic. This latter muscle runs
parallel to and above the great zygomatic, and is attached to the outer
part of the upper lip. It is represented in fig. 2 (I. p. 24), but not
in figs. 1 and 3. Dr. Duchenne first showed ( Mecanisme de la
Physionomie Humaine, Album, 1862, p. 39) the importance of the
contraction of this muscle in the shape assumed by the features in
crying. Henle considers the above-named muscles (excepting the
_malaris_) as subdivisions of the _quadratus labii superioris_.]
604 (return) [ Although Dr. Duchenne has so carefully studied the
contraction of the different muscles during the act of crying, and the
furrows on the face thus produced, there seems to be something
incomplete in his account; but what this is I cannot say. He has given
a figure (Album, fig. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by
galvanizing the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other half is
similarly made to begin crying. Almost all those (viz. nineteen out of
twenty-one persons) to whom I showed the smiling half of the face
instantly recognized the expression; but, with respect to the other
half, only six persons out of twenty-one recognized it, that is, if we
accept such terms as grief, misery, annoyance, as
correct; whereas, fifteen persons were ludicrously mistaken; some of
them saying the face expressed fun, satisfaction, cunning,
disgust, &c. We may infer from this that there is something wrong in
the expression. Some of the fifteen persons may, however, have been
partly misled by not expecting to see an old man crying, and by tears
not being secreted. With respect to another figure by Dr. Duchenne
(fig. 49), in which the muscles of half the face are galvanized in
order to represent a man beginning to cry, with the eyebrow on the same
side rendered oblique, which is characteristic of misery, the
expression was recognized by a greater proportional number of persons.
Out of twenty-three persons, fourteen answered correctly, sorrow,
distress, grief, just going to cry, endurance of pain, &c. On
the other hand, nine persons either could form no opinion or were
entirely wrong, answering, cunning leer, jocund, looking at an
intense light, looking at a distant object, &c.]
605 (return) [ Mrs. Gaskell, Mary Barton, new edit. p. 84.]
256